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09S7Economics!<3
09S7Economics
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    archives
  • March 2009
  • April 2009

  • Monday, April 13, 2009

    Supply-demand imbalance boosts oil prices
    David R. Baker, Chronicle Staff Writer
    Tuesday, May 27, 2008

    Even as the cost of crude oil has soared in recent years, the amount pumped from the ground hasn't.
    Worldwide oil production has barely budged, despite record prices. Since the start of 2004, oil's price has gone from $33 per barrel to $132. Production, meanwhile, has risen just 1.8 percent, to 84.6 million barrels per day.
    That's not enough to keep pace with the world's growing thirst for oil, which has increased 3.7 percent during the same time. And the imbalance between supply and demand keeps pushing prices higher. It's one of the main reasons gasoline now costs more than $4 per gallon.
    This isn't the way economics are supposed to work. When a product is in short supply, the price rises, and the companies that make it usually produce more so they can cash in. Supply eventually outstrips demand and the price goes down.
    Faced with rising global demand and record prices, the oil companies have a powerful incentive to find, pump and sell as much crude as they can. Instead, they're having a hard time keeping their output level, much less expanding it. Big, untapped oil fields - often called "elephants" in the industry - are harder and harder to find.


    Source: http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/05/26/BUHH10S61B.DTL


    From this article, our knowledge of demand and supply can be used to analyze the current situation in which the oil industry is facing.
    As shown in Figure 1, production of oil has increased as stated in the article, thus causing the supply curve to shift from SS1 to SS2. At P1, the quantity supplied now exceeds the quantity demanded. There is now a surplus and the industry experiences a downward pressure in price. As price decreases from P1 to P2, the quantity demanded will increase from Q1 to Q2, while quantity supplied will decrease from Q3 to Q2.

    As shown in Figure 2, demand for oil is also increasing as stated in the article, thus causing the demand curve to shift from DD1 to DD2. At P2, the quantity demanded exceeded the quantity supplied. This results in a shortage and the industry experiences a upward pressure in price. As price increases from P2 to P1, the quantity demanded decreases from Q3 to Q2, and the quantity supplied increases from Q1 to Q2.



    In conclusion, by combining both graphs, an increase in supply and demand will cause the overall equilibrium quantity to increase from Q1 to Q2. However due to the larger the shift in the demand curve as compared to the supply curve, the equilibrium price will increase as well, from P2 to P1. As stated in the article, the production of oil is not enough to “keep pace with the earth’s growing thirst of oil”

    Post by: Crystal Beck

    Updated.
    Posted at: 6:23 AM

    Article: IEA Cuts Oil Demand Forecast to Lowest in Five Years

    IEA Cuts Oil Demand Forecast to Lowest in Five Years (Update1)
    Share | Email | Print | A A A

    By Grant Smith

    April 10 (Bloomberg) -- The International Energy Agency expects global oil demand to decline by 2.4 million barrels a day this year, about the same amount that Iraq produces, as the economic slump reduces consumption to the lowest since 2004.

    The adviser to 28 nations cut its 2009 forecast for an eighth consecutive month, slashing last month’s estimate by 1 million barrels a day, or 1.2 percent, to 83.4 million barrels a day. The IEA also said oil supply from outside the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries will drop this year...

    Future Supply Constraint

    Over the next five years global supplies will be “severely constrained by today’s lower prices and lower investment,” the report said. Spending on new production will likely be constrained by around 20 percent this year...

    Need for OPEC oil
    “In response to weaker demand Saudi Aramco cut the May price for its flagship Arab Light to all regions for the first time in five months,” the IEA report said, referring to prices announced by the Saudi state-run oil company on April 5.






    In general, the demand has dropped because of the following factor:

    -Economic downturn: According to IEA, worldwide gross domestic product has dropped by 1.4%, causing the demand to drop by 2.8%. As income decreases, the ability of consumers/producers alike to buy the good will decrease, hence there will be a rightward shift in the demand curve (i.e. a leftward movement down the supply curve).

    Also, the second part of the article stated that the future supplies will decrease due to today's "lower prices and lower investments". This is true because:

    -Lower prices: Producers receive less profit, hence less income --> less ability to produce more goods to sell in future and reap more profits.

    -Lower investments: Due to the instability of the economy, investors are holding back their money. This causes a reduction in the capital--Rmb that an economy's potential growth depends on its stock of capital in the present day such that there will be more output with an increase in the capital today (rightward shift of PPC curve). With a reduction in investment, there will thus be a reduction in the maximum possible amount of profits reaped from selling the output.

    In the last part of the article, it mentioned that a producer will be cutting the price of the oil in hope of increasing the demand for oil. This is because the law of demand states that an inverse relationship exists between the price of a good and the quanitity demanded for the good, ceteris peribus. Hence a decrease in price will lead to an increase in quantity demanded for oil, thus the total revenue of the producers will increase.

    Bernice (:

    Updated.
    Posted at: 4:25 AM

    Sunday, April 12, 2009
    Merger between StarHub and Singapore Cable Vision

    Reply on Proposed Consolidation Involving Starhub Pte Ltd And Singapore Cable Vision LtdReply on Proposed Consolidation Involving Starhub Pte Ltd And Singapore Cable Vision Ltd

    Reply on Proposed Consolidation Involving Starhub Pte Ltd And Singapore Cable Vision Ltd

    Hello(: I thought it would be interesting to read this article about the merger between StarHub and SCV and think about the reasons behind their decision.

    Here's part of the article and below the article are the benefits of the merger that I evaluated (with the help of another article http://www.ida.gov.sg/doc/Policies%20and%20Regulation/Policies_and_Regulation_Level2/proposed_consolidation_starhub_SGcable/Joel.pdf by Joel Lee)

    Reply on Proposed Consolidation Involving Starhub Pte Ltd And Singapore Cable Vision Ltd

    StarHub, SCV confirm merger talks

    By Irene Tham
    Wednesday, May 02, 2001 05:28 PM

    SINGAPORE--StarHub Pte Ltd has confirmed that it is in merger talks with Singapore Cable Vision Pte Ltd (SCV), the island's sole cable TV operator.

    The merger will give StarHub a residential network for carrying video, voice and data services. The telco currently offers fixed-line data and voice services to corporations and runs a mobile phone network. "The synergies are obvious. SCV has a nationwide broadband network that reaches all homes in Singapore," said StarHub president and CEO Terry Clontz in a joint statement Monday evening. "Both SCV and StarHub have a significant customer base in their respective areas of business, and the footprints of StarHub's and SCV's fixed networks complement each other very well," he added.

    To date, SCV has more than 265,000 cable TV customers and 50,000 broadband subscribers, while StarHub has captured 10 percent of the Singapore mobile phone market, or 300,000 subscribers.

    Heightened competition
    Analysts believe that the merger will increase competition for Singapore Telecommunications Ltd, the island's dominant telco.

    "StarHub will have a full infrastructure to compete more effectively with SingTel," said an analyst with a foreign brokerage firm.

    The merger will also allow StarHub to offer telephone services to the residential market, a plan delayed by IDA's sudden decision to liberalize the telco industry two years in advance.

    Before the merger, both companies operate on two different markets. With the merger between StarHub and SCV, StarHub's fixed-line, wireless, long distance and Internet service business units will be combined with SCV's cable TV and residential broadband Internet access businesses.

    Reply on Proposed Consolidation Involving Starhub Pte Ltd And Singapore Cable Vision Ltd

    Benefits of the merger

    There are many benefits of merging StarHub and SCV, one of which is to reduce potential competition between StarHub and SCV in terms of broadband services.


    This is due to the possibility of the markets of the two companies intersecting in the future due to the fixed telephone line. Without the merger, StarHub might want to introduce new services such as the xDSL(Digital Service Line-a family of technologies that provides digital data transmission over the wires of a local telephone network) to its residential subscribers to convince its existing users to switch over to broadband (increase revenue) and to alleviate the amount of subscribers switching to other Internet Service Providers (company that offers its customers access to the internet) The xDSL service will likely be more popular among consumers as it uses high frequency, while regular telephone, that of SCV uses low frequency. Hence with the merger, there would be a reluctance to introduce xDSL services to residential subscribers as it will be easier to capitalize on one service rather than to focus on a new service.


    By merging, the new company will create a stronger competitor to other telecommunication and internet service providers in Singapore and reduce SingTel’s dominant and monopoly on the telecommunications market. With the merger, the company will be able to increase its capital and resources to form a larger company. Therefore they will be able to introduce new services, go into the residential market (previously not possible due to StarHub inability to deploy a local access network in a short period of time, now possible due to services of SCV) and increase customer assurance by having better internet access. All these will allow the merged company to be a more effective competitor to SingTel.


    Reply on Proposed Consolidation Involving Starhub Pte Ltd And Singapore Cable Vision LtdReferences:

    http://www.zdnetasia.com/news/business/0,39044229,13032523,00.htm

    http://www.ida.gov.sg/doc/Policies%20and%20Regulation/Policies_and_Regulation_Level2/proposed_consolidation_starhub_SGcable/Joel.pdf

    Connie (:


    Updated.
    Posted at: 11:46 AM

    Thursday, April 9, 2009
    ERROR IN ROSTER

    OMG a big mistake committed by me!!!! There has been a careless miscount! There should only be 14 weeks in the span of the competition, NOT 24!!!Thanks to Leonard,Crystal and Xiongchen who pointed it out to me!!!

    Hence new plan: 2 ppl will post per week (i.e. Sarah and Bernice, Clara and Connie, Crystal and Daniel etc...) Since the competition started 2 weeks ago, Bernice (myself), Clara and Connie will have to post by THIS WEEKEND and Crystal and Daniel are supposed to post by this week (but due to the short notice, crystal and daniel can have extenision till next wednesday :D )and the cycle continues!

    Yep that's about all! Sorry for the mistake!! :P

    Updated.
    Posted at: 8:52 AM